homicide (pattern, context). (ص 82–83، 96–97)

Chest wound & autopsy: Inlet: circular/oval, smaller than exit, inverted edges, abrasion/grease collar; track through thorax may injure lung/heart/great vessels; possible hemothorax, pneumothorax, or cardiac tamponade. (ص 82–86، 90–92)

Distance & direction: Burning/blackening/singeing (contact/close); tattooing (close/intermediate); absence of these (distant). Direction by beveling in bone/clothes and internal track. (ص 86–89)

Linking cartridge to weapon: Firearm identification by test-firing: firing-pin impression, breech face marks, extractor/ejector marks, and rifling land–groove striae on the bullet matching the barrel. (ص 93–97)

Age: Radiograph for epiphyseal union; around-knee epiphyses complete ≈21، distal radius/ulna ≈20 → findings compatible with late teens (~18). (ص 1–20)

Medicol. importance (18 y): majority/consent thresholds; criminal and civil capacity implications. (ص 1–20)

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Age estimation (victim 15 y; accused 40 y): Use radiographs for epiphyseal union. Around 15–18 years, many upper-limb epiphyses are still uniting and distal radius/ulna have not yet united (unite ~20 y); pelvic bones (ilium–ischium–pubis) have just fused at ~15 y; femoral head unites at ~18 y; the knee completes ~21 y. In adults ~40 y, long-bone epiphyses are fully fused; clavicular medial epiphysis is united (>23 y); manubrium–body of sternum unite by ~60 y (helps

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