Spontaneous mutationTransfer of resistance genes (e.g., via plasmids)MechanismChange in structural receptors (e.g., on ribosomes)Often production of enzymes that destroy the drugTransferVertical to daughter cellsHorizontal (conjugation, transduction)","creatorId":44,"createdAt":null,"updatedAt":"2025-08-21T08:20:38.649Z"} 3f:["$40","$41"] 3c:{"id":1014,"quizId":129,"image":null,"width":null,"height":null,"creatorId":44,"createdAt":null,"updatedAt":"2025-08-21T08:20:38.632Z","tapes":"$3d","masks":"$3e","subQuestions":"$3f"} 43:[] 44:[] 46:{"id":1792,"questionId":1015,"text":"[Explain] The concept of competitive inhibition using sulfonamides as an example.","answer":"

Sulfonamides are structural analogues of para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA), an essential metabolite for folic acid synthesis in bacteria. They compete with PABA for the active center of the enzyme dihydropteroate synthase. This prevents the synthesis of dihydrofolic acid, a precursor for nucleic acids, thereby inhibiting bacterial growth.

","creatorId":44,"createdAt":null,"updatedAt":"2025-08-21T08:20:38.649Z"} 47:{"id":1793,"questionId":1015,"text":"How the efflux pump mechanism confers antibiotic resistance.","answer":"

Bacteria develop a multidrug resistance (MDR) pump that actively exports antimicrobial drugs out of the cell. This decreases the intracellular concentration of the drug below an effective level, preventing it from reaching its target site. This mechanism is seen in resistance to agents like tetracycline and quinolones.

","creatorId":44,"createdAt":null,"updatedAt":"2025-08-21T08:20:38.649Z"} 45:["$46","$47"] 42:{"id":1015,"quizId":129,"image":null,"width":null,"height":null,"creatorId":44,"createdAt":null,"updatedAt":"2025-08-21T08:20:38.637Z","tapes":"$43","masks":"$44","subQuestions":"$45"} 1b:["$1c","$25","$2d","$35","$3c","$42"]

Written Quiz

AI {Written Quiz} 2025