1. Why Plants Have Medicical Properties· : Plants produce a wide variety of
biologically active chemicals to enhance their survival.
2. Fundamental Metabolic Processes·
A. Photosynthesis (البناء الضوئي)
· Where? In mesophyll cells containing chlorophyll.
· Inputs: Water (H₂O) + Carbon Dioxide (CO₂) + Sunlight.
· Outputs: Glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆) + Oxygen (O₂).
· Mnemonic: WCS-GO (Water, CO₂, Sunlight in → Glucose, Oxygen out).
· B. Cellular Respiration (التنفس الخلوي)
· Where? In the mitochondria. · Process: Breaks down glucose to release energy.
· Inputs: Glucose + Oxygen.
· Outputs: Energy + Water + Carbon Dioxide. · Mnemonic: GO-EWC (Glucose, Oxygen in → Energy, Water, CO₂ out).
3. Plant Metabolites (المواد الأيضية للنبات)
· Definition: Intermediates and end products of the plant's biochemical processes.
· A. Primary Metabolites (المواد الأيضية الأولية)
· Role: Essential for growth, development, and basic metabolism (e.g., Photosynthesis & Respiration).
· Presence: Found in all plants and in all living tissues (seeds, vegetative organs).
· Examples: Carbohydrates, Amino Acids, Lipids, Vitamins.
· Mnemonic: CAP-GD (Carbohydrates, Amino acids, Proteins - for Growth and Development).
· B. Secondary Metabolites (المواد الأيضية الثانوية)
· Origin: Biosynthetically derived from Primary Metabolites.
· Role: NOT for basic growth. Functions include:
· Chemical warfare (protection from predators/pathogens).
· Attracting pollinators.
· Protection from abiotic stress (e.g., UV light, drought).
· Source of Medicinal Properties.
· Presence: Limited to specific plant families or tissues.
· Major Groups & Examples (Mnemonic: "A Very Good Pharmacist Treats Sick Patients"): 1. Alkaloids (e.g., Morphine, Caffeine). 2. Volatile Oils (e.g., Peppermint oil). 3. Glycosides (e.g., cardiac glycosides in Foxglove).
4. Phenolic Compounds. 5. Tannins. 6. Saponins. 7. Sterols.
1. Why Plants Have Medicical Properties· : Plants produce a wide variety of
biologically active chemicals to enhance their survival.
2. Fundamental Metabolic Processes·
A. Photosynthesis (البناء الضوئي)
· Where? In mesophyll cells containing chlorophyll.
· Inputs: Water (H₂O) + Carbon Dioxide (CO₂) + Sunlight.
· Outputs: Glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆) + Oxygen (O₂).
· Mnemonic: WCS-GO (Water, CO₂, Sunlight in → Glucose, Oxygen out).
· B. Cellular Respiration (التنفس الخلوي)
· Where? In the mitochondria. · Process: Breaks down glucose to release energy.
· Inputs: Glucose + Oxygen.
· Outputs: Energy + Water + Carbon Dioxide. · Mnemonic: GO-EWC (Glucose, Oxygen in → Energy, Water, CO₂ out).
3. Plant Metabolites (المواد الأيضية للنبات)
· Definition: Intermediates and end products of the plant's biochemical processes.
· A. Primary Metabolites (المواد الأيضية الأولية)
· Role: Essential for growth, development, and basic metabolism (e.g., Photosynthesis & Respiration).
· Presence: Found in all plants and in all living tissues (seeds, vegetative organs).
· Examples: Carbohydrates, Amino Acids, Lipids, Vitamins.
· Mnemonic: CAP-GD (Carbohydrates, Amino acids, Proteins - for Growth and Development).
· B. Secondary Metabolites (المواد الأيضية الثانوية)
· Origin: Biosynthetically derived from Primary Metabolites.
· Role: NOT for basic growth. Functions include:
· Chemical warfare (protection from predators/pathogens).
· Attracting pollinators.
· Protection from abiotic stress (e.g., UV light, drought).
· Source of Medicinal Properties.
· Presence: Limited to specific plant families or tissues.
· Major Groups & Examples (Mnemonic: "A Very Good Pharmacist Treats Sick Patients"): 1. Alkaloids (e.g., Morphine, Caffeine). 2. Volatile Oils (e.g., Peppermint oil). 3. Glycosides (e.g., cardiac glycosides in Foxglove).
4. Phenolic Compounds. 5. Tannins. 6. Saponins. 7. Sterols.