- dr.Fawzi 2024CVS,Nervous,Lymphatic 2024
- dr.Fawzi 2024CVS,Nervous,Lymphatic
- dr.Fawzi 2025
- Dr.Hamdino 2026cvs
- Dr.Hamdino 2026cvs (الكل يسمع الريكورد عشان الفايل في حجات كتير الدكتور لغيها📍)
- د.محمد عادلCVS
- د.وهدانCVS
- lec. notes 2025Cardiovascular System
- lec. notes 2025Nervous, Endocrine, and Urinary Systems
- Notes 2026مواضع امتحان مؤكدة من د حمدينو
📌 Introduction & Core Components
🫀 Cardiovascular system = body’s transport network.
Components:
❤️ Heart (pump)
🩸 Blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries)
🩸 Blood
Function: transport O₂, nutrients, hormones + remove waste (CO₂).
🖇 The Heart
📍 Location: Thoracic cavity
📏 Size: ~ size of a closed fist
🔹 Structure
4 Chambers:
Right Atrium
Right Ventricle
Left Atrium
Left Ventricle
Walls:
Endocardium: inner smooth lining
Myocardium: muscular middle layer (contraction)
Pericardium: protective double sac (pericardial sac)
🔹 Valves (one-way blood flow):
Atrioventricular: Tricuspid (R), Mitral/Bicuspid (L)
Semilunar: Pulmonary (RV → pulmonary artery), Aortic (LV → aorta)
🔹 Blood Supply
Coronary arteries: supply myocardium
Cardiac veins: drain deoxygenated blood
🖇 Blood Vessels: Structure & Relationship
Arteries & veins often run together.
Small arteries ↔ venae comitantes.
🔗 Anastomosis:
Connection between vessels → alternative blood flow routes.
مهم جدًاااا 👇🏻 بنسبة 100% في الامتحان
📌 Types of Arterio-Venous Communications
1️⃣ Capillaries
Smallest, most numerous vessels.
Wall: single endothelial layer.
Site of gas, nutrient, and waste exchange.
Found in almost all tissues (e.g., alveolar plexuses).
2️⃣ Blood Sinusoids
Specialized capillaries: wide lumen, discontinuous porous walls.
Allow passage of large molecules & cells.
Sites: Liver, spleen, bone marrow.
3️⃣ Arteriovenous Anastomosis (Shunt)
Direct artery → vein connection (bypassing capillaries).
Smooth muscle controlled (open ↔ close).
🔥 Functions: Thermoregulation, blood flow regulation.
Sites: Skin dermis, nose, ear pinna, tongue, lips, erectile tissues (penis, vestibule), intestine.
4️⃣ Cavernous Tissue:
Specialized vascular tissue rich in AV anastomoses.
Blood engorgement → rigidity (e.g., penis).
📌 Clinical Importance
Anastomoses ensure blood supply even if one vessel is blocked.
Portal circulation vital for nutrient metabolism & detox.
AV anastomoses help in thermoregulation and erectile function.
📌 Introduction & Core Components
🫀 Cardiovascular system = body’s transport network.
Components:
❤️ Heart (pump)
🩸 Blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries)
🩸 Blood
Function: transport O₂, nutrients, hormones + remove waste (CO₂).
🖇 The Heart
📍 Location: Thoracic cavity
📏 Size: ~ size of a closed fist
🔹 Structure
4 Chambers:
Right Atrium
Right Ventricle
Left Atrium
Left Ventricle
Walls:
Endocardium: inner smooth lining
Myocardium: muscular middle layer (contraction)
Pericardium: protective double sac (pericardial sac)
🔹 Valves (one-way blood flow):
Atrioventricular: Tricuspid (R), Mitral/Bicuspid (L)
Semilunar: Pulmonary (RV → pulmonary artery), Aortic (LV → aorta)
🔹 Blood Supply
Coronary arteries: supply myocardium
Cardiac veins: drain deoxygenated blood
🖇 Blood Vessels: Structure & Relationship
Arteries & veins often run together.
Small arteries ↔ venae comitantes.
🔗 Anastomosis:
Connection between vessels → alternative blood flow routes.
مهم جدًاااا 👇🏻 بنسبة 100% في الامتحان
📌 Types of Arterio-Venous Communications
1️⃣ Capillaries
Smallest, most numerous vessels.
Wall: single endothelial layer.
Site of gas, nutrient, and waste exchange.
Found in almost all tissues (e.g., alveolar plexuses).
2️⃣ Blood Sinusoids
Specialized capillaries: wide lumen, discontinuous porous walls.
Allow passage of large molecules & cells.
Sites: Liver, spleen, bone marrow.
3️⃣ Arteriovenous Anastomosis (Shunt)
Direct artery → vein connection (bypassing capillaries).
Smooth muscle controlled (open ↔ close).
🔥 Functions: Thermoregulation, blood flow regulation.
Sites: Skin dermis, nose, ear pinna, tongue, lips, erectile tissues (penis, vestibule), intestine.
4️⃣ Cavernous Tissue:
Specialized vascular tissue rich in AV anastomoses.
Blood engorgement → rigidity (e.g., penis).
📌 Clinical Importance
Anastomoses ensure blood supply even if one vessel is blocked.
Portal circulation vital for nutrient metabolism & detox.
AV anastomoses help in thermoregulation and erectile function.