Anatomical position, planes, terms

📌 Definition – Anatomy

Anatomy = study of body structure & organization and relation between body parts

.أصل الكلمة يوناني "to cut up" ✂️

🟠 Levels of Body Organization

Cells → Tissues → Organs → Systems → Organism

Main regions:Head & Neck

Trunk (thorax, abdomen, pelvis)

Limbs (upper & lower)

📌 Methods of Studying Anatomy

Gross (Macroscopic) Anatomy: visible to naked eye 👁️‍🗨️

Regional: by regions (e.g., trunk, limbs)

Systemic: by systems (e.g., skeletal, nervous)

Microscopic Anatomy (Histology): tissues & cells under microscope 🔬

Developmental Anatomy (Embryology): development from conception to birth 👶

Surface Anatomy: surface landmarks of internal organs

Endoscopy: internal view using instruments (e.g., gastroscope)

Radiological Anatomy: imaging techniques (X-ray, CT, MRI)

🟣 Anatomical Position

Standard reference point 📍:

Body erect

Head forward

Arms at sides, palms forward

Feet parallel & close

Other positions:

Supine: lying on back

Prone: lying face-down

📌 Anatomical Planes

Midsagittal (Median) Plane: equal right & left halves ✂️

Sagittal (Paramedian) Plane: unequal right & left halves

Frontal (Coronal) Plane: anterior (front) vs posterior (back)

Transverse (Horizontal) Plane: superior (upper) vs inferior (lower)

🚨 Clinical Importance

Standard anatomical position & planes = essential for describing injuries, surgical approaches, and radiological interpretation accurately.

📌 Anatomical Terms – Definition

Terms used to describe location, direction, and movement in the human body.Essential for accurate anatomical communication 🩺

🟠 Directional Terms

Anterior (Ventral) → Toward the front of body

Posterior (Dorsal) → Toward the back of body

Superior (Cranial) → Toward the head

Inferior (Caudal) → Toward the feet

Proximal → Closer to point of origin

Distal → Farther from point of origin

Medial → Toward the midline

Lateral → Away from the midline

Superficial → Toward the surface

Deep → Away from surface / internal

Ipsilateral → Same side

Contralateral → Opposite side

📌 Movements of the Body

Flexion → Bending ↓ angle (sagittal plane)

Extension → Straightening ↑ angle (sagittal plane)

Abduction → Away from midline (coronal plane)

Adduction → Toward midline (coronal plane)

Circumduction → Circular motion (flexion + abduction + extension + adduction)

Rotation → Around long axis

Medial rotation → Toward midline

Lateral rotation → Away from midline

🟣 Special Movements

🔹 Forearm

Pronation → Palm faces posteriorly (down)

Supination → Palm faces anteriorly (up)

🔹 Foot

Inversion → Sole turns inward (medial)

Eversion → Sole turns outward (lateral)

🔹 Other Movements

Protraction → Move part forward (e.g., jaw out)

Retraction → Move part backward (e.g., shoulders back)

Elevation → Move upward (e.g., shrugging)

Depression → Move downward (e.g., lowering shoulders)

🚨 Clinical Importance

Essential for describing injury locations, surgical sites, and movement impairments precisely.Used in clinical notes, imaging reports, and anatomy exams for clear communication.